Emphysema

Emphysema is a progressive and incurable lung disease that primarily affects the alveoli, the tiny air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. It is characterized by the destruction of the alveolar walls, resulting in enlarged and damaged air spaces.

Causes

The most common cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to cigarette smoke. Other risk factors include air pollution, occupational dust and chemicals, and a genetic deficiency of an enzyme called alpha-1 antitrypsin.

Symptoms

Early symptoms may be mild and include shortness of breath during physical activity. As the disease progresses, symptoms become more severe and persistent, even at rest. Other symptoms may include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and fatigue.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and lung function tests, such as spirometry. Imaging tests, such as chest X-rays or CT scans, may also be used to assess the extent of lung damage.

Treatment

There is no cure for emphysema, but treatment aims to relieve symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life. Treatment options may include bronchodilators to open the airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, pulmonary rehabilitation to improve lung function and exercise tolerance, and oxygen therapy to increase oxygen levels in the blood.

Prevention

The best way to prevent emphysema is to avoid smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. Protecting yourself from air pollution and occupational hazards can also help reduce the risk of developing the disease.